Kalliala I, Eriksson T, Aro K, et al. - Researchers performed a registry-based follow-up of pregnancy data based on a community-randomized trial to assess human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination strategies and a reference cohort from the same community with no intervention. They examined the influence of prophylactic HPV vaccination (three doses of Cervarix (AS04-HPV-16/18)-vaccine) on preterm birth (PTB) rates. In 1992–95 birth cohorts in Finland, all 80,272 residents were eligible for the trial; 20,513 of 39,420 (51.9%) females consented to participate. In the final study population, included were age-aligned 6,226 HPV16/18 vaccinated females and 1,770 HBV vaccinated (Engerix® B, hepatitis B-virus vaccine) females that did not receive HPV vaccine at the age of 18 from the 1992–93 birth cohorts, and 19,849 females from the 1990–91 non-vaccinated reference birth cohorts. Observations revealed lower PTB rate, especially early PTB rate, among the HPV-vaccinated women. Decrease of PTB incidence after prophylactic HPV vaccination would result in global public health benefits.