Ghrair F, et al. – This study investigated the incidence of acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) in relation to alcohol abuse/dependence alone and in combination with tobacco use. Findings reported that average age of onset of AHFS in patients with alcohol abuse/dependence was significantly lower than in those without alcohol abuse/dependence. Additionally, alcohol abuse plus tobacco consumption resulted in AHFS at an even earlier age, compared with either alcohol abuse/dependence or tobacco use alone. Results indicated a possible synergistic impact between these two risk factors in developing early–onset AHFS.