Hitchcock C, Goodall B, Wright IM, et al. - Improvement in the identification of children aged ≤ 6-year with clinical needs for posttraumatic stress has been observed following the introduction of developmentally adapted criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Researchers aimed at assessing the predictors of the development of PTSD in young children (PTSD-YC), including the adult-led acute stress disorder (ASD) diagnosis, across two studies. In addition, they sought to provide proof of principle for cognitive-focused therapy for this age range, with the aim of increasing treatment options for children diagnosed with PTSD-YC. In Study 1 (N = 105), ASD and PTSD-YC diagnosis were assessed in 3- to 8-year-old children within 1 month and at around 3 months after attendance at an emergency room. In Study 2 (N = 37), which was a preregistered (www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN35018680) randomized controlled early-phase trial, CBT-3M, a cognitive-focused intervention, was compared with treatment-as-usual (TAU) delivered within the UK NHS to 3- to 8-year-olds diagnosed with PTSD-YC. Findings suggest that in this age-group, the ASD diagnosis is not fit for purpose. A strong and encouraging evidence was gained supporting the putative efficacy for young children treated using a cognitive-focused treatment for PTSD, and a larger trial of CBT-3M is now warranted.