Fasoulas A, et al. - Through 36 case reports and 15 case series describing a total of 65 subcutaneous emphysema cases, researchers sought to systematically review and critically analyze evidence of factors that may affect the development of subcutaneous emphysema during root canal treatment and its management. Ninety-nine unique titles were identified following the removal of duplicates. Findings suggested that subcutaneous emphysema may develop during the treatment of both nonsurgical and surgical root canals. Pressurized air streams or air-water sprays should not be directed at the root or mucosal discontinuity areas. None of the management approaches had a clear connection with rapid recovery. Guidelines to avoid unnecessary or potentially harmful interventions should be developed.