El-Dighidy MA, Sherief MH, Shamaa MA, et al. - In this study, the effect of smoking and/or obesity on semen parameters and testosterone/oestradiol ratio among sub-fertile men treated with subinguinal varicocelectomy was explored. Researchers designed prospective, controlled, clinical study assigning 80 sub-fertile men with clinical varicocele who were subjected to sub-inguinal varicocelectomy into four equal groups (n = 20/each), group A: obese and smokers, group B: obese and nonsmokers, group C: smokers and nonobese and group D: nonsmokers and nonobese. This study’s findings demonstrate that smoking and/or obesity negatively affect(s) the favourable outcome of varicocelectomy, specifically improvement of semen parameters and hormonal pattern in sub-fertile men with varicocele.