Ohtaki Y, Shimizu K, Suzuki H, et al. - Given the lack of clarity concerning the prognostic impact of surgical intervention for recurrent or residual non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement following tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, researchers sought to report on the features and outcomes of patients undergoing salvage surgery in this environment. They analyzed data of 36 patients who underwent salvage surgery following EGFR or ALK-TKI. Based on outcomes, salvage surgery after TKI treatment was suggested as safe and feasible and, by reducing the local tumor burden, it may contribute to prolonged OS time. Following surgery, the 3-year OS was 75.1% and the 3-year RFS was 22.2%. Of clinicopathological factors, the progression of disease while on TKI and preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels (≥5 ng/ml) were shown to be worse independent prognosticators of OS. Older age at initial treatment (≥70 years) and advanced pathological T stage (T2-T4) were the worse prognosticators for RFS. Grade 3 adverse events occurred in 5.6% of patients, but no deaths were reported within 90 days after surgery.