Inam O, et al. - In this cross-sectional study involving images of 19 eyes of 19 consecutive patients with angiographically proven carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) and 19 eyes of 19 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects, researchers defined the retinal and choroidal imaging findings of CCF including central foveal thickness (CFT), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI) parameters and tortuosity indexes (TI) as compared to a control group (CG). They divided the patient group according to CCF venous drainage pattern as anterior (A-CCF: draining into ophthalmic veins) and posterior (P-CCF: not draining into ophthalmic veins). The authors demonstrated in this first study examining CVI and TI in CCF patients that SFCT, CVI and TI could potentially be used to assist in the diagnosis of A-CCF.