Iorio A, et al. - In a contemporary, unselected chronic heart failure population, researchers evaluated adverse outcomes caused by non-cardiac co-morbidities and compared their impacts by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) group (LVEF < 50% [heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF] vs LVEF ≥ 50% [heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF]). They found patients with HFrEF and HFpEF showed a similar impact of non-cardiac co-morbidities on outcomes, therefore, similar efficacy of quality improvement initiatives aimed at optimizing co-morbidities was suggested in HFrEF and HFpEF.