Kobayashi S, et al. - This work was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of a combination of fixed dose-rate gemcitabine and S-1 after failure of gemcitabine or gemcitabine plus cisplatin therapy for advanced biliary tract cancer. In patients with advanced biliary tract cancer refractory to gemcitabine or gemcitabine plus cisplatin, second-line fixed dose-rate gemcitabine plus S-1 proved insufficiently effective and tolerable.