Stewart C, et al. - Cannabis can be obtained in states with medical cannabis programs and can be consumed by many methods, oral being the safest. Activity is primarily through Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) via cannabinoid receptors; the activity may improve when used together with the plant or plant extract. Largely, laboratory experiments data consolidate the known effects of cannabis on inflammation and malignancy. Observations overall suggest that despite using cannabis increasingly for medicinal purposes, it remains outside Western medical practice and there is scarcity of data on perioperative use and outcomes. Relative to other controlled substances, cannabis is regulated differently, and there are issues with purity/homogeneity, making it challenging for surgeons to accept or significantly determine its medical benefits. In addition, few surgeons receive training concerning legal endorsement and have knowledge concerning medicinal benefits, and potential risks, making it difficult to advise patients.