Barch DM, Whalen D, Gilbert K, et al. - In view of the correlation of early childhood depression with anhedonia and decreased event-related potential (ERP) responses to rewarding or pleasant stimuli, researchers here examined whether these neural measures are indicators of target engagement or treatment outcome. Young (4.0–6.9 years of age) depressed children were randomized to either 18 weeks of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy–Emotion Development (PCIT-ED) or waitlist and were assessed before and after randomization for ERP responses to win and loss feedback in a guessing task and to pleasant vs neutral pictures. Analyses revealed improvement in the ERP reward response in young children with depression during the treatment, which was designed to improve emotional development, yielding evidence of target engagement of the neural systems linked with reward. Further, a greater likelihood of depression remission was noted in correlation with greater baseline late positive potential responses to positive pictures, indicating this ERP measure to be predictive of children that are most likely to respond to treatment.