Wahl B, et al. - Investigators evaluated the annual national and state-specific childhood mortality and morbidity Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) are responsible for in order to help direct policies and assess progress in attaining child health targets. Vaccine clinical trial data was used to calculate the proportion of pneumonia deaths that pneumococcus and Hib were responsible for via this modeling cohort. Even before the nationwide implementation of conjugate vaccines, a decline in pneumococcal and Hib mortality in children aged 1–59 months was evident in India. A rapid reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with Hib infection had been noted following the introduction of the Hib vaccine in several states. Child survival targets in India can be increasingly met, via rapid scale-up and widespread use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and continued use of the Hib vaccine.