Lim YH, Jørgensen JT, So R, et al. - Exposures to air pollution and road traffic noise for long-term were shown to be independently related to heart failure (HF).

• From the Danish Nurse Cohort (aged >44 years), data on female nurses were utilized to assess links between 3‐year mean exposures to air pollution and road traffic noise and incident HF.

• HF developed in 484 of 22,189 nurses, and links with all 3 pollutants were identified, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.17, 1.10, and 1.12 per increase of 5.1 µg/m ³ in particulate matter with a diameter <2.5 µm, 8.6 µg/m ³ in NO ₂ , and 9.3 dB in road traffic noise, respectively.

• Exposure to high levels of the 3 pollutants was associated with an enhanced risk of HF incidence; but the effect modification of co-exposure was not statistically significant.

• The strongest links with particulate matter with a diameter <2.5 µm were demonstrated by former smokers and nurses with hypertension.