Koay WLA, et al. - Researchers compared early antiretroviral-treated, HIV-1-infected (HIV+; n=56) African infants and HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU; n=53) controls in terms of biomarkers of intestinal integrity (intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP) and zonulin). HIV+ infants demonstrated heightened inflammation and immune activation but were similar to HEU infants regarding iFABP and zonulin levels at three months of age. These levels were largely not correlated with inflammatory and immune activation biomarkers. However, by five months of age, zonulin levels increased and became significantly higher in HIV+ compared to HEU infants despite ART-suppression.