Jiang HY, et al. - Researchers conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to ascertain if infection and antibiotic use were risk factors for celiac disease (CD). The meta-analysis involved 19 observational studies (15 on infection and six on antibiotic exposure). According to findings, early infection or antibiotic exposure seems to raise the chances of developing CD, indicating that intestinal immune or microbiota dysbiosis can play a role in CD pathogenesis. Subgroup analyses indicated that the risk of CD is not affected by the type of infectious agent, exposure timing, and infection site. Such outcomes can affect clinical management and primary CD prevention. Nevertheless, it is not possible to exclude noncausal explanations for these positive associations.