Joo YH, Kim HK, Choi IH, et al. - Among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, researchers analyzed the expression of IL(interleukin)-36 family members (α, β, and γ) in normal and inflammatory sinus mucosa, as well as their influences on chemokine secretion and on the barrier function of epithelial and endothelial cells. In addition, they determined how the expression of IL-36 in epithelial cells is influenced by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this study, the possible role of IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ, localized in superficial epithelium, as a responder to microbial and nonmicrobial elements, via TLR, was suggested, with subsequent production of CXC chemokines by these, playing an interplay between innate and adaptive immune response.