Esposito S, et al. – This review is performed to explore the role of nasopharyngeal microbiota in the development of respiratory tract disease in paediatric–age subjects. Literature indicate that respiratory microbiota can regulate health and disease development in the respiratory tract. Administration of pre– and probiotics can result in achieving reconstitution of missing microbes. Modulation of respiratory microbiota by favouring colonisation of the upper respiratory tract by beneficial commensals can interfere with the proliferation and activity of resident pathobionts and is a possible new measure to reduce the risk of disease.