Gupta RK, et al. - Researchers here aimed at assessing the incidence of HIV-1 drug resistance before initiation or re-initiation of first-line antiretroviral therapy in low-income and middle-income countries. In low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), pretreatment drug resistance seemed increasing at substantial rate. This was particularly evident in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2016, data from southern and eastern Africa and Latin America showed that the prevalence of pretreatment non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors resistance was near WHO's 10% threshold for changing first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). This highlights the necessity for routine national HIV drug-resistance surveillance and review of national policies for first-line ART regimen composition.