Benki-Nugent SF, et al. - In early-treated HIV-infected children, researchers investigated whether monocyte activation markers are correlated with early and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes by conducting a prospective study of infant and child neurodevelopmental outcomes nested within a randomized clinical trial (NCT00428116) and an extended cohort study in Kenya. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was started in 67 HIV-infected infants at age <5 months. Results revealed unanticipated earlier supported sitting (5 vs 6 months) and supported walking (10 vs 12 months) among infants with high entry soluble (s) CD163 (sCD163). Infants who had high 6-month post-ART sCD163 achieved speech later (17 vs 15 months), threw toys later (18 vs 17 months), and at median 6.8 years after ART, had worse neuropsychological test scores. Findings suggest the predictive value of monocyte activation for worse short- and long-term neurodevelopment outcomes after ART and viral suppression.