Son HJ, Choi SH, Lee MK, et al. - A retrospective case-control study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Escherichia coli-derived bone morphogenetic protein-2 (E.BMP-2) with a hydroxyapatite carrier when applied to one-sided posterolateral fusion (PLF) in addition to lumbar interbody fusion (LIF), and to measure the lower dose of E.BMP-2 ever reported achieving solid fusion. Between January 2009 and December 2019, a total of 121 individuals who received surgery for 1 or 2 levels of fusion for lumbar degenerative spinal stenosis or spondylolisthesis were enrolled. Researchers assessed clinical and functional outcomes using preoperative and final follow-up visual analogue scales for back pain and leg pain, and Korean Oswestry disability index scores. In all patients, LIF and additional one-sided PLF were conducted. It has been reported that one milligram of E.BMP-2 was found to be a safe and effective osteoinductive material in short-level lumbar PLF surgery.