Tao S, et al. - Researchers examined the association between probiotic supplementation and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, via a meta-analysis of relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified from the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases until September 2018. The analysis included 10 RCTs in 8 countries. Findings of this meta-analysis revealed significantly reduced urea level in probiotics-administrated non-dialysis patients. Probiotic supplementation led to no significant change in urea level in the dialysis patients. Also, uric acid , C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of CKD patients were not influenced by the use of probiotic supplements.