Wang Q, et al. - Researchers focused on serum levels of cytokines/chemokines in cases of candidemia, as well as compared them with those found in cases of bacteremia. Participants included healthy individuals as controls and patients with febrile episodes, detected as bloodstream infections through blood culture. The candidemia group, vs gram-positive and gram-negative bacteremia groups, were found to have significantly higher levels of IFN (interferon)-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL (interleukin)-10 and lower levels of IL-3, IL-4. Relative to gram-negative bacteremia group, significantly lower G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) and higher MIP-1β (macrophage inflammatory protein-1β) were detected in candidemia group. According to the findings, serum cytokines as well as chemokines including IFN-γ, MIP-1β, IL-17 and G-CSF could be regarded as diagnostic markers to differentiate between candidemia and bacteremia. The integration of these biomarkers might enhance the diagnostic efficiency of candidemia vs bacteremia.