da Costa Souza P, et al. - An inquiry was set up with regard to the Type 1 and Type 2 T helper (Th-1/Th-2) cytokines (including interleukins), immune cellular, matrix profile and pathogens in granulomas with unexplained etiology. The outcomes were compared with infectious and non-infectious etiology. Data illustrated that interleukins (IL)-4/IL-5 and transformer growth factor beta (TGF-β) could be used as surrogate markers of early fibrosis subsiding the need for genotyping. Hence, these served as promising therapeutic targets in unexplained granulomas.