Maddox KEJ, et al. - Researchers determined the features of hospitals that did and did not join the bundled payments for care improvement. The Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) initiative and its 2018 follower, BPCI-Advanced—which persisted through 2023—were central to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ move toward value-based and alternative payment models. A responsible entity took accountability for the costs of an “episode” of care from hospitalization through 90 days following discharge, under bundled payments.