Wolfson JA, et al. - Given the inferior survival seen among adolescents and young adults (AYA; 15–39 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) vs children (1–14 years), researchers present an approach that includes both patients enrolled and not enrolled in clinical trials, and includes the contribution of health care delivery, treatment, and clinical prognosticators. They modeled relapse risk during therapy and after completing therapy in a retrospective cohort of ALL patients diagnosed between 1–39 years (AYA: n = 93; child: n = 91) treated at a single institution between 1990 and 2010, regardless of clinical trial enrollment. They found that facets of health care delivery (clinical trial enrollment, nonwhite race/ethnicity) were related to relapse during therapy, and facets of treatment (shorter duration of maintenance and consolidation) were related to relapse after completing therapy among AYA.