Chen GL, Guo L, Yang S, et al. - This case-control study was conducted to assess the relationship between tuberculosis (TB) and cancer in Xinjiang, a high TB endemic area of China. Participants were 45,455 patients hospitalized in Xinjiang Cancer Hospital, categorized into a malignant tumor group (n = 32,539) and a benign tumor group (n = 12,916). The malignant tumor group was found to have a significantly higher proportion of TB (n = 1776, 5.46%) vs the control (benign tumor) group (n = 175, 1.35%). A significantly higher risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, cervical cancer, esophageal cancer, “other” cancers, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer, was observed in relation to TB. Findings revealed an increased risk of cancer in patients suffering from TB. Considering a screening strategy for TB prior to treatment is recommended in some cancer types that are related to a high proportion of TB.