Harari F, et al. - Authors evaluated the relationship of low levels of lead exposure with kidney function and kidney disease. The age of the participants was 46 to 67 (mean 57) years, and the median lead level was 25 μg/L. To examine associations between lead levels and chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence, Cox regression was used. Results demonstrated an association of low-level lead exposure with decreased kidney function and incident CKD. Lead nephrotoxicity was suggested even at low levels of exposure. eGFR decreased on average by 6mL/min/1.73m² (based on creatinine) and 24mL/min/1.73 m² (based on a combined creatinine and cystatin C equation), after a mean of 16 years of follow-up.