Wallis CJD, et al. - The correlation between local treatment modality, surgery, or radiotherapy and non-prostate cancer- and cardiovascular-associated mortality in patients treated for non-metastatic prostate cancer was determined. An increased risk of non-prostate cancer mortality and cardiovascular disease was revealed in patients treated with radiotherapy among patients carefully matched on cardiovascular risk factors. Quantification of the magnitude and prevalence of potential residual confounders is required to account for variations in the treatment effects for prostate cancer.