Yasui M, et al. - In this retrospective review, researchers analyzed 53 specimens of non-metastatic non-muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) from Japanese patients in order to evaluate the link between NMIBC recurrence and tumor androgen receptor (AR) expression. The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS). For the quantification of AR mRNA expression, they used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To predict independent factors for RFS, they performed multivariate analyses of AR mRNA expression and other clinicopathological features. They found shorter RFS was independently predicted by female sex, tumor size ≥3 cm and low AR mRNA expression. Overall, AR expression could be a novel indicator of recurrence of NMIBC.