Kim K, et al. - This study entails comparison of cytokine production in children with a fever alone (healthy control group) and febrile seizure children group, along with an assessment of the cytokine level of children with a fever alone and febrile seizure history. As per findings, febrile seizure children elaborated significantly higher serum levels of the IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well IL-10 and IL-1Ra anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the febrile seizure group vs. same patients with only a fever, the serum level of IL-1Ra was more increased. Findings indicated possible potential roles of increased serum IL-10 and IL-1Ra as anti-inflammatory cytokines in a compensation mechanism that shortens the seizure duration or prevents a febrile seizure attack. Overall, as therapeutic targets for the prevention of seizures and nervous system development of children, anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and IL-1Ra, displayed potential.