Forestier A, et al. - Researchers, herein, report B-cell homeostasis, activation, proliferation, cytokine production in B-cells and serum and B-cell intracellular signaling pathways in systemic sclerosis (SSc), presuming that B-cell homeostasis and cytokine production were altered in SSc and could be explained by serum cytokine as well as by intracellular signaling pathways abnormalities. SSc patients, compared with HC, showed an altered B-cell homeostasis and both decreased and activated memory B-cells. In relation to this decrease, an alteration of mTOR phosphorylation in B-cells was also evident. Conversely, no correlation was found between serum cytokine profile and B-cell homeostasis alterations.