Farhat SCL, Ejnisman C, Alves AGF, et al. - In childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematous (c-SLE) patients, it was observed that real-time exposure to PM _2.5 (fine particles) prospectively linked with elevated serum TNF-alpha, INF-alpha, IL-10, and IL-17 levels.

• A longitudinal and observational design was used in 12 repeated measures of serum samples and clinical assessments (overall 108 measurements) of c-SLE patients over 30 consecutive months.

• An interquartile range (IQR) increment in PM _2.5 daily level was found to be significantly related to elevated levels of TNF-alpha on the third, fourth, and seventh day post-exposure; IL-10 on the third and fourth day post-exposure; IL-17 on the third and seventh day following exposure; and INF-alpha on the third day post-exposure.

• A 6.2 pg/mL elevation in serum IFN-alpha level was observed in relation to an IQR increase in 7-day moving average of PM _2.5 .

• An IQR increase in nitrogen dioxide 7-day cumulative concentration was identified to be unexpectedly significantly linked with a reduction of 1.6 pg/mL in serum IL-17.