Keane J, Young N, Goh J, et al. - Researchers assumed that iAluRil (a GAG therapy) would demonstrate equivalent symptom, pain, and QOL scores compared to DMSO controls. They administered iAluRil for 7 instillations over 3 months in 34 women over 6 sites. They matched 18 historical DMSO controls in a 2:1 ratio. The post-treatment validated questionnaires were collected at baseline and 3 months. The results revealed that iAluRil is well tolerated and associated with significant improvements in pain and symptom scores. The data demonstrate that almost half of the refractory bladder pain syndrome will have a 50% decrease in pain score at three months post-treatment. It was noted that this effect size is similar to DMSO.