Rutherford C, et al. – Researchers designed a study to develop a conceptual framework of patient–reported non–muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) symptoms, treatment side effects, and health–related quality of life (HRQOL) impacts from three sources: (1) literature, (2) patients and (3) treating clinicians. For clinical practice in NMIBC and future clinical trials of treatments for NMIBC, this empirically derived conceptual framework ascertained patient–reported outcomes that were important to people with NMIBC, provided the basis for the development of a new NMIBC–specific symptom index, and guided the design of a comprehensive PRO assessment plan.