Chen M, Xiao J, Du Y, et al. - This case–control study was undertaken to analyze the lipid profile of children diagnosed with upper urinary tract stones and to examine the link between dyslipidemia and stone formation in children. Participants were 58 pediatric patients who received the diagnosis of upper urinary tract stones as well as 351 controls. Significantly higher non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) was detected in the stone group vs the control, while the two groups showed no statistically different levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The stone group had only non-HDL-c and serum uric acid increased, as revealed in the multivariate analysis. Serum uric acid and non-HDL-c were found to be related to percentage of uric acid and pure calcium oxalate stones, respectively, in the stone compositions’ analysis. Overall, findings are suggestive of the likely role of non-HDL-c as a lipid risk factor for urolithiasis in pediatric population.