Larsen HK, Hædersdal M, Thomsen, et al. - Researchers evaluated the prevalence of anal high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) matched with immunocompetent controls and risk factors for anal HSIL in RTRs. Two-hundred forty-seven RTRs and 248 controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Researchers collected anal samples for HPV testing with INNO-LiPA and performed high-resolution anoscopy on all participants. Logistic regression was applied to calculate odds ratios (ORs) of histologically confirmed anal HSIL in RTRs versus controls and risk factors for anal HSIL in RTRs, stratified by gender and anal high-risk (hr) HPV status, adjusting for age, smoking, lifetime sexual partners, and receptive anal gender. In comparison with immunocompetent controls, RTRs had increased risk of anal HSIL, with particularly high prevalence in female RTRs. For anal HSIL, receptive anal gender, previous genital warts, and anal hrHPV infection were risk factors in RTRs. The data considered screening for anal HSIL in RTRs.