Windsor AM, et al. - In the present study, the researchers sought to characterize the operative findings of microlaryngoscopy and bronchoscopy (MLB) performed on infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to evaluate which preoperative characteristics or operative findings anticipate the need for tracheostomy. Medical records of preterm inpatients in the NICU were reviewed in a single tertiary hospital undergoing MLB between January 1, 2013 and July 1, 2016. Baseline and demographic characteristics and intraoperative results were contrasted between tracheostomy patients and those successfully removed from respiratory support. Seventy-three preterm patients had MLB for respiratory failure, 41 (56.2%) of whom had tracheostomy. According to findings, preterm infants in the NICU with gestational age ≤ 30 weeks, birth weight < 1.5 kg, severe pulmonary disease, and who have missed more than 3 attempts at extubation are more likely to need tracheostomy.