Ishiguro N, Moriyama M, Furusho K, et al. - Because IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a unique inflammatory disorder in which Th2 cytokines promote IgG4 production. Researchers undertook this study to examine the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) in salivary glands (SGs) from people with IgG4-RD. They histologically examine the SGs from 15 people with IgG4-RD, 15 people with Sjögren's syndrome (SS), 10 people with chronic sialadenitis, and from 10 healthy controls and analyze the TLR family gene expression (TLR-1 through TLR-10) by DNA microarray in the submandibular glands (SMGs). TLR-4, TLR-7, TLR-8, and TLR-9 was overexpressed in people with IgG4-RD. It was found that through IL-33 secretion in IgG4-RD, the possible promotion activation of Th2 immune responses by TLR-7–expressing M2 macrophages.