Naucler P, et al. – In this nationwide cohort study involving Swedish health registers of individuals with underlying diseases, researchers determined the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine childhood immunization programs (PCV-CIP) on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). In total, 303,691 episodes of all-cause (AC)-CAP were noted, of which 14,225 were pneumococcal or lobar (PL)-CAP. Comparing prior with following PCV-CIP, relative incidence reductions for age groups < 2, 2–4, and 5–17 years were 36%, 20%, and 16% of AC-CAP, respectively, with comparable decreases in young children with and without comorbidities. For PL-CAP, the reductions were more pronounced. Relative elevations of 11%, 18%, 15%, and 30% of AC-CAP were noted in age groups 40–64, 65–74, 75–84 and ≥ 85 years, respectively; however, these rises were attenuated following adjustment for admittance practices using four control conditions. A rise in the incidence of AC-CAP and PL-CAP was observed in adults with comorbidities vs adults without reported underlying diseases, where the incidence was steady or reduced for some age groups. There was an increased proportion of patients with pneumonia and underlying diseases in all ages in the study period. Thus, according to the authors, direct preventive interventions should be targeted in the direction of individuals with underlying diseases.