Over a two-year period, more than 650 people who overdosed on opioids in Erie County were revived using the overdose drug naloxone, known more commonly by its brand name Narcan.

That’s according to a recently published research paper that provides a glimpse into naloxone administration by first responders in Erie County, which was one of the first communities in the nation to make the medication available.

“This is an innovative program that is working. It is reversing overdoses and saving lives,” said Sarah Cercone Heavey, lead author of the study, published in the Journal of Community Health.

Heavey worked on the paper while completing her PhD in community health and health behavior from the University at Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions, from which she also received her master’s degree in public health.

Gale Burstein, the Erie County Department of Health (ECDOH) commissioner, is a co-author on the paper, which examined the frequency and location of Narcan administration by first responders from July 2014 through June 2016.

“We realized that people were dying of drug overdoses when first responders, such as police and fire, or family members or friends, were at the overdose scene before an ambulance arrived because they had no tools to reverse the overdose. So, we started an aggressive campaign to train and dispense naloxone,” said Burstein, who is also a clinical professor of pediatrics in the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at UB, and a clinical professor of epidemiology and environmental health in UB’s School of Public Health and Health Professions.

There were 800 opioid overdoses reported to the Erie County Department of Health by police and fire first responders during that two-year span. Naloxone was successful in reversing the overdose in 653 — or 81 percent — of those reported incidents.

The remaining attempts were either unsuccessful (6.3 percent) or unknown (12 percent), meaning care of the person who overdosed was transferred to emergency medical services without the police officer or firefighter who first arrived on scene and administered naloxone knowing whether the individual survived, the paper reports.

“The take home message here is that increasing access to naloxone through firefighters and police is saving lives,” said Gregory Homish, associate chair and associate professor of community health and health behavior at UB and a paper co-author.

“We saw in a short window of time that a lot of deaths were prevented by expanding access to naloxone. Many communities have supported it, but others have resisted. I think our findings show that this is saving lives and it is making a difference,” added Homish, PhD, who served as Heavey’s faculty adviser.

Under the direction of county leaders, Erie County began a comprehensive program to train first responders and law enforcement officers in the use of naloxone, and distributed Narcan kits to local law enforcement agencies, in June 2014.

In drug users who overdose, breathing becomes slow and ineffective. Naloxone works by reversing respiratory depression, or hypoventilation, and allowing oxygen to get to the brain.

The drug has a high success rate, but time is of the essence. In the UB study of Erie County overdoses, 26.6 percent of drug users responded to naloxone within three minutes, and an additional 21.7 percent responded within five minutes.

The vast majority, or 79 percent, of the reported overdoses in Erie County were due to suspected heroin, and the majority of users were men (70 percent) with an average age of 31. “It is possible that this region has seen an expedited transition from nonmedical to illicit opioids,” the paper stated.

There are non-prescription opioids such as heroin, which can be used illicitly. But people also overdose on prescription drugs like oxycodone, Vicodin and hydrocodone