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Children's gut bacteria may hold the key to diarrhoea treatment

MedicalXpress Breaking News-and-Events Nov 14, 2024

Diarrhoea claims the lives of 500,000 children each year in low- and middle-income countries. Now, Danish and Ethiopian researchers have linked chronic diarrhoea to a specific pattern of gut bacteria, a discovery that could pave the way for new treatments capable of saving lives.

 

Our intestines are home to a macrobiotic universe in which bacteria train our immune systems to be resilient, produce vitamins and transform the foods that we consume into beneficial compounds. Imbalances in this gut microbiome can be linked to various illnesses, including obesity, diabetes and diarrhoea.

 

In developing countries, acute and chronic diarrhoea is a widespread problem among children and leads to the deaths of half a million children under the age of 5 every year. Acute diarrhoea often resolves on its own and can typically be treated with antibiotics. But once it progresses to a chronic form, it can leave children severely ill and underdeveloped, making treatment much harder. Until now, the cause of chronic diarrhoea has remained unclear.

 

"Persistent diarrhoea in adults can be extremely unpleasant but is rarely life-threatening. However, for a child, it can have lifelong consequences. While acute diarrhoea has become much more treatable over the past 50 years, little progress has been made in treating the chronic type, which is what sparked our interest," explains Dennis Sandris Nielsen, a professor at the University of Copenhagen's Department of Food Science.

 

In a new study published in Nature Communications, Nielsen and his Ethiopian colleague Getnet Tesfaw mapped the gut microbiome of more than 1,300 children under 5 years of age in Ethiopia. The study's main conclusion is clear: Children with chronic or persistent diarrhea have significantly lower and different bacterial diversity compared to healthy children.

 

"Our results show a clear link between gut bacteria composition and the duration of diarrhea. Children with chronic diarrhea not only have more harmful bacteria, but notably fewer beneficial ones," explains Tesfaw, who will defend his Ph.D. thesis on the topic later in November.

 

A vicious cycle of diarrhea

 

Researchers used DNA sequencing to identify various beneficial and harmful bacteria in stool samples. Results indicate that children with chronic diarrhoea have an overrepresentation of harmful bacteria, such as Escherichia and Campylobacter, while the presence of beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium, is significantly reduced.

 

The study also revealed that children with chronic diarrhoea lack bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids, which are typically produced by beneficial bacteria and play an essential role in gut health.

 

Acute diarrhoea is defined as lasting from one to six days, while chronic diarrhoea persists for a week or more. According to Nielsen, the results indicate that chronic diarrhoea develops if beneficial, short-chain fatty acids-producing microbes are lost to an extent that the children's gut microbiomes, for unknown reasons, fail to recover from after, for instance, antibiotic treatment for acute cases.

 

"The progression into persistent diarrhoea seems to be driven by a loss of beneficial bacteria. We do not yet know the exact cause, but we speculate that while antibiotics may be necessary to treat acute diarrhea, they also kill off good gut bacteria. As a result, children may enter a vicious cycle where chronic diarrhoea takes over because they don't consume the right foods to restore these beneficial bacteria," the researcher explains.

 

Local 'superfood' to the rescue

 

The new mapping of gut bacteria in children with chronic diarrhoea offers a deeper understanding of the problem's causes and makes it easier to develop new, targeted treatments that could restore a healthy gut microbiome.

 

According to Tesfaw, the primary focus of treatment should be on designing an optimal diet to help restore the microbiome in affected children. Ideally, this diet would be familiar to the local population, accessible and sustainable. The researchers already have a potential main ingredient in mind.

 

"In Ethiopia, they have a superfood grain called teff, which is rich in nutrients and fibre. It clearly has the potential to serve as a dietary supplement that could help stop chronic diarrhea," says Nielsen.

 

However, further studies are needed, and the researchers hope to secure funding for a new research project in the near future.

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