Suqin L, Mingli Z, Shiteng S, et al. - In this case–control analysis run from October 2017 to April 2018, researchers examined 50 renal dialysis patients (age = 59.52) with arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), to find out if there exist differences in hemodynamics of AVFs acquired from Doppler ultrasound or 4D-MRI. They performed black-blood MRI and 4D flow MRI at 3.0T and AVF ultrasonography. They found good consistency of the morphological and hemodynamic parameters measured from MRI by the two radiologists. They also found moderate agreement between velocities and flow volumes from the 4D flow MRI and vascular ultrasound of AVFs, except for the peak flow velocity at the anastomosis. A close association of flow volume and WSS near the anastomotic site, with the morphology of the AVFs, was observed. Findings revealed significant difference in the hemodynamics between the complications group and patients without any complications (normal patients group). For non-invasive evaluation of AVF hemodynamics of renal dialysis patients, 4D flow MRI was identified as a promising technique than ultrasonography.